Malangizo Ofunikira Posankha Mitundu Yoyenera ya Chingwe Chamagetsi, Makulidwe, ndi Kuyika

Mu zingwe, voteji nthawi zambiri imayesedwa mu volts (V), ndipo zingwe zimagawika kutengera mphamvu yake yamagetsi. Ma voliyumu akuwonetsa kuchuluka kwamagetsi ogwiritsira ntchito chingwe chomwe chingagwire bwino. Nawa magulu akuluakulu amagetsi a zingwe, ntchito zawo zofananira, ndi miyezo:

1. Zingwe za Low Voltage (LV).

• Mtundu wa VoltageKufikira 1 kV (1000V)
• Mapulogalamu: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'nyumba zogona, zamalonda, ndi mafakitale pogawa magetsi, kuyatsa, ndi machitidwe otsika mphamvu.
• Miyezo Yofanana:
  • IEC 60227: Pakuti PVC insulated zingwe (ntchito kugawa mphamvu).
  • IEC 60502: Kwa zingwe zotsika mphamvu.
  • Chithunzi cha BS6004: Pakuti PVC-insulated zingwe.
  • UL62 pa: Kwa zingwe zosinthika ku US

2. Zingwe zapakati pa Voltage (MV).

• Mtundu wa Voltage1 kV mpaka 36 kV
• Mapulogalamu: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito potumiza mphamvu ndi kugawa maukonde, makamaka pamafakitale kapena ntchito zofunikira.
• Miyezo Yofanana:
  • IEC 60502-2: Kwa zingwe zapakati-voltage.
  • IEC 60840: Kwa zingwe zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagetsi apamwamba kwambiri.
  • IEEE 383: Kwa zingwe zosatentha kwambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale amagetsi.

3. Zingwe za High Voltage (HV).

• Mtundu wa Voltagemphamvu: 36 kV mpaka 245 kV
• Mapulogalamu: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito potumiza magetsi akutali, malo okwera magetsi, komanso popangira magetsi.
• Miyezo Yofanana:
  • IEC 60840: Kwa zingwe zamphamvu kwambiri.
  • IEC 62067: Kwa zingwe zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagetsi apamwamba kwambiri a AC ndi DC.
  • IEEE 48: Poyesa zingwe zamphamvu kwambiri.

4. Ma Cables Owonjezera Amphamvu Amphamvu (EHV).

• Mtundu wa VoltageKupitilira 245 kV
• Mapulogalamu: Kwa ma ultra-high-voltage transmission systems (omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito potumiza mphamvu zambiri zamagetsi pamtunda wautali).
• Miyezo Yofanana:
  • IEC 60840: Kwa zingwe zowonjezera zamphamvu kwambiri.
  • IEC 62067: Imagwira pazingwe zotumizira ma voltage apamwamba a DC.
  • IEEE 400: Kuyesa ndi miyezo ya machitidwe a chingwe cha EHV.

5. Zingwe Zapadera Zamagetsi (monga, Low-Voltge DC, Nyambo za Solar)

• Mtundu wa Voltage: Zimasiyanasiyana, koma nthawi zambiri pansi pa 1 kV
• Mapulogalamu: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zina monga ma solar panel, magalimoto amagetsi, kapena matelefoni.
• Miyezo Yofanana:
  • IEC 60287: Pakuti mawerengedwe a panopa kunyamula mphamvu zingwe.
  • Mtengo wa UL4703: Kwa zingwe zoyendera dzuwa.
  • TÜV: Pazitsimikizo za chingwe cha dzuwa (mwachitsanzo, TÜV 2PfG 1169/08.2007).

Ma Cable a Low Voltage (LV) ndi High Voltage (HV) Cables amathanso kugawidwa m'mitundu yodziwika, iliyonse yopangidwa kuti igwiritse ntchito motengera zinthu, zomangamanga, ndi chilengedwe. Nazi kulongosola mwatsatanetsatane:

Ma Cable a Low Voltage (LV) Subtypes:

1. Zingwe Zogawa Mphamvu

   • Kufotokozera: Izi ndi zingwe zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pogawa magetsi mnyumba zogona, zamalonda, ndi mafakitale.
   • Mapulogalamu:
     • Kupereka mphamvu ku nyumba ndi makina.
     • Mapanelo ogawa, ma switchboards, ndi ma circuit magetsi ambiri.
   • Zitsanzo MiyezoIEC 60227 (PVC-insulated), IEC 60502-1 (cholinga chonse).

2. Zingwe Zankhondo (Zitsulo Zazida Zachitsulo - SWA, Aluminium Wire Armored - AWA)

   • Kufotokozera: Zingwezi zimakhala ndi zida zachitsulo kapena aluminiyamu kuti zitetezeke pamakina, kuwapangitsa kukhala oyenera malo akunja ndi mafakitale komwe kuwonongeka kwakuthupi kumadetsa nkhawa.
   • Mapulogalamu:
     • Kuyika mobisa.
     • Makina a mafakitale ndi zida.
     • Kuyika panja m'malo ovuta.
   • Zitsanzo MiyezoIEC 60502-1, BS 5467, ndi BS 6346.

3. Zingwe Zamphira (Zingwe Zampira Zomasinthasintha)

   • Kufotokozera: Zingwezi zimapangidwa ndi kutsekereza mphira ndi sheathing, zomwe zimapereka kusinthasintha komanso kulimba. Amapangidwa kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito pazolumikizana kwakanthawi kapena zosinthika.
   • Mapulogalamu:
     • Makina am'manja (mwachitsanzo, cranes, forklifts).
     • Kukhazikitsa kwakanthawi kochepa.
     • Magalimoto amagetsi, malo omanga, ndi ntchito zakunja.
   • Zitsanzo Miyezo: IEC 60245 (H05RR-F, H07RN-F), UL 62 (kwa zingwe zosinthika).

4. Zingwe Zopanda Halogen (zotsika Utsi).

   • Kufotokozera: Zingwezi zimagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zopanda halogen, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera kumalo omwe chitetezo chamoto chimakhala chofunika kwambiri. Moto ukayaka, umatulutsa utsi wochepa ndipo samatulutsa mpweya woipa.
   • Mapulogalamu:
     • Ma eyapoti, zipatala, ndi masukulu (nyumba zaboma).
     • Madera a mafakitale komwe chitetezo chamoto ndi chofunikira kwambiri.
     • Njira zapansi panthaka, tunnel, ndi madera otsekedwa.
   • Zitsanzo MiyezoIEC 60332-1 (khalidwe lamoto), EN 50267 (pa utsi wochepa).

5. Zingwe Zowongolera

   • Kufotokozera: Izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito potumiza zizindikiro zowongolera kapena deta mu machitidwe omwe kugawa mphamvu sikufunikira. Amakhala ndi ma conductor angapo otsekeredwa, nthawi zambiri amakhala ophatikizika.
   • Mapulogalamu:
     • Makina odzipangira okha (mwachitsanzo, kupanga, ma PLC).
     • Makina owongolera, makina owunikira, ndi zowongolera zamagalimoto.
   • Zitsanzo MiyezoIEC 60227, IEC 60502-1.

6. Zingwe za Dzuwa (Photovoltaic Cables)

   • Kufotokozera: Zapangidwa makamaka kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito pamagetsi a dzuwa. Ndiwolimbana ndi UV, osalimbana ndi nyengo, ndipo amatha kupirira kutentha kwambiri.
   • Mapulogalamu:
     • Kuyika magetsi a dzuwa (mawonekedwe a photovoltaic).
     • Kulumikiza ma solar ku ma inverters.
   • Zitsanzo Miyezo: TÜV 2PfG 1169/08.2007, UL 4703.

7. Zingwe Zosanja

   • Kufotokozera: Zingwezi zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe athyathyathya, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala abwino kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo olimba komanso malo omwe zingwe zozungulira zitha kukhala zazikulu kwambiri.
   • Mapulogalamu:
     • Kugawa mphamvu zogona m'malo ochepa.
     • Zipangizo zamaofesi kapena zida.
   • Zitsanzo MiyezoIEC 60227, UL62.

8. Zingwe Zopanda Moto

   • Ma Cables a Emergency Systems:
     Zingwezi zimapangidwira kuti zisunge magetsi pazigawo zamoto kwambiri. Amaonetsetsa kuti machitidwe adzidzidzi akugwira ntchito mosalekeza monga ma alarm, zotulutsa utsi, ndi mapampu ozimitsa moto.
     Mapulogalamu: Mabwalo angozi m'malo opezeka anthu ambiri, makina otetezera moto, ndi nyumba zokhala anthu ambiri.

9. Zingwe Zoyimbira

   • Zingwe Zotetezedwa Zotumiza Zizindikiro:
     Zingwezi zidapangidwa kuti zitumize ma siginecha a data m'malo omwe ali ndi vuto lalikulu lamagetsi (EMI). Amatetezedwa kuti ateteze kutayika kwa chizindikiro ndi kusokoneza kwakunja, kuonetsetsa kuti kufalikira kwa deta kuli bwino.
     Mapulogalamu: Kuyika kwa mafakitale, kutumiza kwa data, ndi madera omwe ali ndi EMI yayikulu.

10. Zingwe Zapadera

    • Zingwe za Mapulogalamu Apadera:
      Zingwe zapadera zimapangidwira kuti zikhazikike kagawo kakang'ono, monga kuyatsa kwakanthawi kumalo ochitira malonda, kulumikiza ma cranes apamwamba, mapampu omira, ndi njira zoyeretsera madzi. Zingwezi zimapangidwira malo enaake monga ma aquariums, maiwe osambira, kapena kukhazikitsa kwina kwapadera.
      Mapulogalamu: Kuyika kwakanthawi, makina omira pansi pamadzi, malo osungira madzi am'madzi, maiwe osambira, ndi makina opangira mafakitale.

11. Zingwe za Aluminium

    • Ma Aluminium Power Transfer Cables:
      Zingwe za aluminiyamu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito potumiza mphamvu ndikugawa m'nyumba ndi kunja. Ndiwopepuka komanso otsika mtengo, oyenerera maukonde akuluakulu ogawa mphamvu.
      Mapulogalamu: Kutumiza mphamvu, kuyika panja ndi mobisa, komanso kugawa kwakukulu.

Zingwe zapakati pa Voltage (MV).

1. Zingwe za RHZ1

• XLPE Insulated Cables:
  Zingwezi zimapangidwira ma netiweki apakati pamagetsi okhala ndi insulation yolumikizira polyethylene (XLPE). Ndiwopanda ma halogen komanso osawotcha moto, kuwapangitsa kukhala oyenera mayendedwe amagetsi ndi kugawa mu ma network apakati.
  Mapulogalamu: Kugawa kwamagetsi kwapakati, kuyendetsa mphamvu.

2. HEPRZ1 Zingwe

• HEPR Insulated Cables:
  Zingwezi zimakhala ndi polyethylene (HEPR) yosagwira mphamvu kwambiri ndipo sizikhala ndi halogen. Iwo ndi abwino kwa sing'anga voteji mphamvu kufala m'madera kumene chitetezo moto ndi nkhawa.
  Mapulogalamu: Manetiweki apakatikati, malo osamva moto.

3. Zingwe za MV-90

• XLPE Insulated Cables per American Standards:
  Zopangidwira ma netiweki apakati pamagetsi, zingwezi zimakwaniritsa miyezo yaku America pakutchinjiriza kwa XLPE. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kunyamula ndi kugawa mphamvu mosatetezeka mkati mwamagetsi apakatikati amagetsi.
  Mapulogalamu: Kutumiza kwamagetsi mumanetiweki apakati.

4. Zingwe za RHVhMVh

• Zingwe za Ntchito Zapadera:
  Zingwe zamkuwa ndi aluminiyamu izi zimapangidwira malo okhala ndi chiopsezo chokhala ndi mafuta, mankhwala, ndi ma hydrocarbon. Iwo ndi abwino kwa makhazikitsidwe m'madera ovuta, monga zomera mankhwala.
  Mapulogalamu: Ntchito zapadera zamafakitale, madera okhala ndi mankhwala kapena mafuta.

Ma Cable a High Voltage (HV) Subtypes:

1. Ma Cable Amphamvu Amphamvu Amphamvu

   • Kufotokozera: Zingwezi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutumizira mphamvu zamagetsi pamtunda wautali pamagetsi apamwamba (nthawi zambiri 36 kV mpaka 245 kV). Iwo ali ndi insulated ndi zigawo za zinthu zomwe zimatha kupirira ma voltages apamwamba.
   • Mapulogalamu:
     • Magetsi otumizira magetsi (mizere yotumizira magetsi).
     • Malo opangira magetsi ndi magetsi.
   • Zitsanzo MiyezoIEC 60840, IEC 62067.

2. Zingwe za XLPE (Zingwe Za Polyethylene Insulated Cables)

   • Kufotokozera: Zingwezi zimakhala ndi zotchingira za polyethylene zomwe zimapatsa mphamvu zamagetsi, kukana kutentha, komanso kulimba. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagetsi apakatikati mpaka apamwamba.
   • Mapulogalamu:
     • Kugawa mphamvu m'mafakitale.
     • Zingwe zamagetsi zamagetsi.
     • Kutumiza mtunda wautali.
   • Zitsanzo MiyezoIEC 60502, IEC 60840, UL 1072

3. Zingwe Zodzaza Mafuta

   • Kufotokozera: Zingwe zodzaza mafuta pakati pa ma kondakitala ndi magawo otsekera kuti muwonjezere mphamvu ya dielectric ndi kuziziritsa. Izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo omwe ali ndi zofunikira kwambiri zamagetsi.
   • Mapulogalamu:
     • Zopangira mafuta a Offshore.
     • Kupatsirana m'nyanja yakuya ndi pansi pamadzi.
     • Kupanga mafakitale ofunikira kwambiri.
   • Zitsanzo MiyezoIEC 60502-1, IEC 60840

4. Zingwe Zopanda Gasi (GIL)

   • Kufotokozera: Zingwezi zimagwiritsa ntchito gasi (nthawi zambiri sulfure hexafluoride) monga insulating medium m'malo mwa zida zolimba. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo omwe malo amakhala ochepa.
   • Mapulogalamu:
     • Madera akumatauni okhala ndi kachulukidwe kwambiri (masiteshoni).
     • Zinthu zomwe zimafuna kudalirika kwakukulu pakutumiza magetsi (monga ma gridi akutawuni).
   • Zitsanzo MiyezoIEC 62271-204, IEC 60840

5. Zingwe zapansi pamadzi

   • Kufotokozera: Zopangidwira mwachindunji kufalitsa mphamvu zapansi pa madzi, zingwezi zimamangidwa kuti zisamalowetse madzi ndi kupanikizika. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakina opangira mphamvu zamagetsi zapakati pamayiko kapena kunyanja.
   • Mapulogalamu:
     • Kutumiza mphamvu kwapansi pa nyanja pakati pa mayiko kapena zisumbu.
     • Mafamu amphepo zam'mphepete mwa nyanja, machitidwe amagetsi apansi pamadzi.
   • Zitsanzo MiyezoIEC 60287, IEC 60840

6. Zingwe za HVDC (High Voltage Direct Current)

   • Kufotokozera: Zingwezi zidapangidwa kuti zizitumiza mphamvu zachindunji (DC) pamtunda wautali pamagetsi apamwamba. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito potumiza mphamvu zamagetsi pamtunda wautali kwambiri.
   • Mapulogalamu:
     • Kutumiza mphamvu mtunda wautali.
     • Kulumikiza ma gridi amagetsi ochokera kumadera osiyanasiyana kapena mayiko.
   • Zitsanzo MiyezoIEC 60287, IEC 62067

Zigawo za Ma Cable Amagetsi

Chingwe chamagetsi chimakhala ndi zigawo zingapo zofunika, chilichonse chimagwira ntchito inayake kuti zitsimikizire kuti chingwecho chimagwira ntchito yake moyenera komanso moyenera. Zigawo zazikulu za chingwe chamagetsi ndi:

1. Kondakitala

Thekondakitalandi gawo lapakati la chingwe chomwe magetsi amayendera. Nthawi zambiri amapangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zomwe zimakhala zoyendetsa bwino magetsi, monga mkuwa kapena aluminiyamu. Kondakitala ali ndi udindo wonyamula mphamvu zamagetsi kuchokera kumalo amodzi kupita ku ena.

Mitundu ya Makondakitala:

• Bare Copper Conductor:

  • Kufotokozera: Copper ndi imodzi mwazinthu zogwiritsiridwa ntchito kwambiri chifukwa champhamvu zake zamagetsi komanso kukana dzimbiri. Ma conductor a mkuwa opanda kanthu nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pogawa mphamvu ndi zingwe zotsika.
  • Mapulogalamu: Zingwe zamagetsi, zingwe zowongolera, ndi mawaya m'malo okhala ndi mafakitale.

• Kondakitala wa Copper wa Tinned:

  • Kufotokozera: Mkuwa wophimbidwa ndi mkuwa womwe wakutidwa ndi malata opyapyala kuti usavutike ndi dzimbiri komanso kutulutsa okosijeni. Izi ndizothandiza makamaka m'madera a m'nyanja kapena kumene zingwezo zimakhala ndi nyengo yovuta.
  • Mapulogalamu: Zingwe zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito panja kapena m'malo onyowa kwambiri, ntchito zam'madzi.

• Aluminium Conductor:

  • Kufotokozera: Aluminium ndi njira yopepuka komanso yotsika mtengo kuposa mkuwa. Ngakhale kuti aluminiyamu imakhala ndi magetsi otsika kwambiri kuposa mkuwa, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagetsi othamanga kwambiri komanso zingwe zapamtunda wautali chifukwa cha katundu wake wopepuka.
  • Mapulogalamu: Zingwe zogawa mphamvu, zingwe zapakatikati komanso zamphamvu kwambiri, zingwe zamlengalenga.

• Aluminium Alloy Conductor:

  • Kufotokozera: Aluminium alloy conductors amaphatikiza aluminiyumu ndi zitsulo zina zazing'ono, monga magnesium kapena silicon, kuti apititse patsogolo mphamvu zawo ndi kuwongolera. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga mizere yodutsa pamwamba.
  • Mapulogalamu: Mizere yamagetsi apamwamba, kugawa kwapakati-voltage.

2. Kusungunula

Thekutsekerezakuzungulira kondakitala ndikofunikira popewa kugwedezeka kwamagetsi ndi mafupipafupi. Zida zopangira insulation zimasankhidwa potengera kuthekera kwawo kukana kupsinjika kwamagetsi, kutentha, komanso chilengedwe.

Mitundu ya Insulation:

• PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) Insulation:

  • Kufotokozera: PVC ndi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutchinjiriza zakuthupi otsika ndi sing'anga voteji zingwe. Imasinthasintha, yokhazikika, ndipo imapereka kukana kwabwino kwa abrasion ndi chinyezi.
  • Mapulogalamu: Zingwe zamagetsi, mawaya apakhomo, ndi zingwe zowongolera.

• XLPE (Cross-Linked Polyethylene) Insulation:

  • Kufotokozera: XLPE ndi zida zotchingira zogwira ntchito kwambiri zomwe zimalimbana ndi kutentha kwambiri, kupsinjika kwamagetsi, komanso kuwonongeka kwamankhwala. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazingwe zapakati komanso zamphamvu kwambiri.
  • Mapulogalamu: Zingwe zapakati komanso zazitali, zingwe zamagetsi zogwiritsira ntchito mafakitale ndi kunja.

• EPR (Ethylene Propylene Rubber) Insulation:

  • Kufotokozera: Kutchinjiriza kwa EPR kumapereka zinthu zabwino kwambiri zamagetsi, kukhazikika kwamafuta, komanso kukana chinyezi ndi mankhwala. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamapulogalamu omwe amafunikira kusinthasintha kokhazikika komanso kolimba.
  • Mapulogalamu: Zingwe zamagetsi, zingwe zamafakitale zosinthika, malo otentha kwambiri.

• Rubber Insulation:

  • Kufotokozera: Kutchinjiriza kwa mphira kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pazingwe zomwe zimafunikira kusinthasintha komanso kulimba. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'malo omwe zingwe zimafunika kupirira kupsinjika kwamakina kapena kuyenda.
  • Mapulogalamu: Zida zam'manja, zingwe zowotcherera, makina opanga mafakitale.

• Halogen-Free Insulation (LSZH – Low Utsi Zero Halogen):

  • Kufotokozera: Zipangizo zotetezera za LSZH zimapangidwira kuti zisamatulutse utsi wochepa komanso mpweya wa halogen ukakhala pamoto, kuzipanga kukhala zabwino kwa malo omwe amafunikira miyezo yapamwamba yachitetezo chamoto.
  • Mapulogalamu: Nyumba zapagulu, machubu, ma eyapoti, zingwe zowongolera m'malo osamva moto.

3. Kuteteza

Kutetezanthawi zambiri amawonjezeredwa ku zingwe kuti ateteze kondakitala ndi kutchinjiriza ku kusokonezedwa ndi ma elekitiroma (EMI) kapena kusokoneza kwa radio-frequency (RFI). Itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito kuteteza chingwe kuti zisatulutse ma radiation a electromagnetic.

Mitundu Yachitetezo:

• Copper Braid Shielding:

  • Kufotokozera: Zingwe zamkuwa zimapereka chitetezo chabwino kwambiri ku EMI ndi RFI. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zingwe zopangira zida ndi zingwe pomwe mazizindikiro apamwamba amafunika kutumizidwa popanda kusokoneza.
  • Mapulogalamu: Zingwe za data, zingwe zamasigino, ndi zida zamagetsi zomwe zimakhudzidwa.

• Aluminium Foil Shielding:

  • Kufotokozera: Zishango za Aluminium zojambulazo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popereka chitetezo chopepuka komanso chosinthika ku EMI. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'zingwe zomwe zimafuna kusinthasintha kwakukulu komanso kutetezedwa kwakukulu.
  • Mapulogalamu: Zingwe zosinthika zosinthika, zingwe zamagetsi zotsika mphamvu.

• Foil ndi Braid Combination Shielding:

  • Kufotokozera: Zodzitchinjiriza zamtunduwu zimaphatikiza zojambulazo ndi zomangira kuti zipereke chitetezo chapawiri kuti chisasokonezedwe ndikusunga kusinthasintha.
  • Mapulogalamu: Zingwe zamagetsi zamagetsi, machitidwe owongolera, zingwe zopangira zida.

4. Jacket (Mchimake Wakunja)

Thejeketendi gawo lakunja la chingwe, lomwe limapereka chitetezo chamakina ndi chitetezo ku zinthu zachilengedwe monga chinyezi, mankhwala, kuwala kwa UV, ndi kuvala kwakuthupi.

Mitundu ya Jackets:

• Jacket ya PVC:

  • Kufotokozera: Ma jekete a PVC amapereka chitetezo choyambirira ku abrasion, madzi, ndi mankhwala ena. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazingwe zamagetsi ndi zowongolera.
  • Mapulogalamu: Mawaya okhalamo, zingwe zamafakitale zopepuka, zingwe zacholinga chonse.

• Jacket ya Rubber:

  • Kufotokozera: Ma jekete a mphira amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazingwe zomwe zimafunikira kusinthasintha komanso kukana kwambiri kupsinjika kwamakina komanso zovuta zachilengedwe.
  • Mapulogalamu: Zingwe zamakampani zosinthika, zingwe zowotcherera, zingwe zamagetsi zakunja.

• Jacket ya Polyethylene (PE).:

  • Kufotokozera: Ma jekete a PE amagwiritsidwa ntchito pomwe chingwecho chimawonekera panja ndipo chimafunika kukana ma radiation a UV, chinyezi, ndi mankhwala.
  • Mapulogalamu: Zingwe zamagetsi panja, zingwe zoyankhulirana, kuyika mobisa.

• Jacket Yaulere ya Halogen (LSZH).:

  • Kufotokozera: Ma jekete a LSZH amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo omwe chitetezo chamoto ndichofunikira. Zidazi sizitulutsa utsi wapoizoni kapena mpweya wowononga pakayaka moto.
  • Mapulogalamu: Nyumba zapagulu, ngalande, zoyendera.

5. Zida Zankhondo (Mwasankha)

Kwa mitundu ina ya ma cable,zidaamagwiritsidwa ntchito popereka chitetezo chamakina ku kuwonongeka kwakuthupi, komwe ndikofunikira kwambiri pakuyika mobisa kapena panja.

• Zingwe za Steel Wire Armored (SWA).:

  • Kufotokozera: Kuyika zida zachitsulo kumawonjezera chitetezo chowonjezera pakuwonongeka kwamakina, kupanikizika, ndi kukhudzidwa.
  • Mapulogalamu: Kuyika panja kapena mobisa, madera omwe ali ndi chiopsezo chachikulu cha kuwonongeka kwa thupi.

• Zingwe za Aluminium Wire Armored (AWA).:

  • Kufotokozera: Zida za aluminiyamu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zachitsulo koma zimapereka njira yopepuka.
  • Mapulogalamu: Kuyika panja, makina a mafakitale, kugawa mphamvu.

Nthawi zina, zingwe zamagetsi zimakhala ndi achishango chachitsulo or chitetezo chachitsulowosanjikiza kuti apereke chitetezo chowonjezera komanso kupititsa patsogolo ntchito. Thechishango chachitsuloimagwira ntchito zingapo, monga kupewa kusokoneza ma elekitiromagineti (EMI), kuteteza kondakitala, ndikupereka maziko achitetezo. Nazi zazikulumitundu yazitsulo zotetezandi awontchito zenizeni:

Mitundu ya Zitsulo Zotchingira mu Zingwe

1. Copper Braid Shielding

• Kufotokozera: Chotchinga chotchinga chamkuwa chimakhala ndi zingwe zolukidwa za waya wamkuwa zomwe zimakutira chingwecho. Ndi imodzi mwa mitundu yodziwika bwino yazitsulo zotchingira zitsulo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zingwe.
• Ntchito:
  • Chitetezo cha Electromagnetic Interference (EMI): Copper braid imapereka chitetezo chabwino kwambiri ku EMI ndi kusokoneza ma radio frequency (RFI). Izi ndizofunikira makamaka m'malo okhala ndi phokoso lalikulu lamagetsi.
  • Kuyika pansi: Chosanjikiza chamkuwa choluka chimagwiranso ntchito ngati njira yopita pansi, kuwonetsetsa chitetezo poletsa kuchuluka kwa magetsi owopsa.
  • Chitetezo cha Makina: Imawonjezera mphamvu yamakina pa chingwe, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yolimbana ndi abrasion ndi kuwonongeka kwa mphamvu zakunja.
• Mapulogalamu: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zingwe za data, zingwe zopangira zida, zingwe zamasigino, ndi zingwe zamagetsi zamagetsi.

2. Aluminium Foil Shielding

• Kufotokozera: Chotchinga cha aluminiyamu chotchinga chimakhala ndi aluminium yopyapyala yomwe imakulungidwa pa chingwe, nthawi zambiri imaphatikizidwa ndi polyester kapena filimu yapulasitiki. Chotchinga ichi ndi chopepuka ndipo chimapereka chitetezo mosalekeza kuzungulira kokondakita.
• Ntchito:
  • Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Shielding: Zojambula za aluminiyamu zimapereka chitetezo chabwino kwambiri ku EMI ndi RFI, zomwe zimathandiza kusunga kukhulupirika kwa zizindikiro mkati mwa chingwe.
  • Cholepheretsa Chinyezi: Kuphatikiza pa chitetezo cha EMI, zojambulazo za aluminiyamu zimakhala ngati chotchinga chinyezi, kuteteza madzi ndi zonyansa zina kulowa mu chingwe.
  • Zopepuka komanso Zotsika mtengo: Aluminiyamu ndi yopepuka komanso yotsika mtengo kuposa mkuwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yotsika mtengo yotetezera.
• Mapulogalamu: Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zingwe zoyankhulirana, zingwe za coaxial, ndi zingwe zamagetsi zotsika mphamvu.

3. Kuphatikiza Braid ndi Foil Shielding

• Kufotokozera: Chotchinga chamtunduwu chimaphatikiza zonse zamkuwa zamkuwa ndi zojambulazo za aluminiyamu kuti zitetezedwe kawiri. Chingwe chamkuwa chimapereka mphamvu komanso chitetezo pakuwonongeka kwakuthupi, pomwe chojambula cha aluminium chimapereka chitetezo cha EMI mosalekeza.
• Ntchito:
  • Kuwongolera kwa EMI ndi RFI Shielding: Kuphatikiza kwa zishango za ma braid ndi zojambulazo kumapereka chitetezo chapamwamba kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana zosokoneza ma elekitiroma, kuwonetsetsa kufalikira kwa ma siginecha odalirika.
  • Kusinthasintha ndi Kukhalitsa: Kutchinga kwapawiri kumeneku kumapereka chitetezo chamakina (kuluka) komanso chitetezo chosokoneza pafupipafupi (zojambula), ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yabwino pazingwe zosinthika.
  • Kuyika pansi ndi Chitetezo: Chingwe chamkuwa chimagwiranso ntchito ngati njira yoyambira, kukonza chitetezo pakuyika chingwe.
• Mapulogalamu: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zingwe zoyang'anira mafakitale, zingwe zotumizira deta, mawaya a zida zamankhwala, ndi ntchito zina pomwe mphamvu zamakina ndi chitetezo cha EMI zimafunikira.

4. Steel Wire Armoring (SWA)

• Kufotokozera: Kuyika zida zachitsulo kumaphatikizapo kukulunga mawaya achitsulo mozungulira chotchingira chingwe, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi mitundu ina yachitetezo kapena kutchinjiriza.
• Ntchito:
  • Chitetezo cha Makina: SWA imapereka chitetezo champhamvu pakukhudzidwa, kuphwanya, ndi zovuta zina zamakina. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazingwe zomwe zimafunika kupirira malo olemetsa, monga malo omanga kapena kuika pansi pa nthaka.
  • Kuyika pansi: Waya wachitsulo amathanso kukhala ngati njira yokhazikitsira chitetezo.
  • Kukaniza kwa Corrosion: Kuyika zida zachitsulo, makamaka zikamangiriridwa, kumapereka chitetezo ku dzimbiri, chomwe chimakhala chopindulitsa pazingwe zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo ovuta kapena kunja.
• Mapulogalamu: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zingwe zamagetsi pakuyika panja kapena pansi, makina owongolera mafakitale, ndi zingwe m'malo omwe chiwopsezo cha kuwonongeka kwamakina ndi kwakukulu.

5. Aluminium Wire Armoring (AWA)

• Kufotokozera: Mofanana ndi zida zachitsulo zachitsulo, zida za aluminiyamu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popereka chitetezo chamakina pazingwe. Ndizopepuka komanso zotsika mtengo kuposa zida zachitsulo.
• Ntchito:
  • Chitetezo Chakuthupi: AWA imapereka chitetezo ku kuwonongeka kwa thupi monga kuphwanya, kukhudzidwa, ndi kukwapula. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyika pansi ndi kunja komwe chingwecho chikhoza kuwonetsedwa ndi zovuta zamakina.
  • Kuyika pansi: Monga SWA, waya wa aluminiyamu ungathandizenso kupereka maziko pazifukwa zachitetezo.
  • Kukaniza kwa Corrosion: Aluminiyamu imapereka kukana bwino kwa dzimbiri m'malo omwe ali ndi chinyezi kapena mankhwala.
• Mapulogalamu: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zingwe zamagetsi, makamaka pogawa ma sing'anga-voltage pakuyika kwakunja ndi pansi.

Chidule cha Ntchito za Metal Shields

• Chitetezo cha Electromagnetic Interference (EMI): Zishango zachitsulo monga zomangira zamkuwa ndi zojambulazo za aluminiyamu zimatchinga ma siginecha osafunikira amagetsi kuti asakhudze kufalikira kwamkati kwa chingwe kapena kuthawa ndikusokoneza zida zina.
• Chizindikiro cha Umphumphu: Kuteteza zitsulo kumatsimikizira kukhulupirika kwa deta kapena kutumiza zizindikiro m'madera othamanga kwambiri, makamaka pazida zovuta.
• Chitetezo cha Makina: Zishango zankhondo, kaya zopangidwa ndi chitsulo kapena aluminiyamu, zimateteza zingwe kuti zisawonongeke chifukwa chophwanyidwa, kukhudzidwa, kapena zilonda, makamaka m'malo ovuta kwambiri a mafakitale.
• Chitetezo cha Chinyezi: Mitundu ina yazitsulo zotchinga, monga zojambula za aluminiyamu, zimathandizanso kuti chinyezi chisalowe mu chingwe, kuteteza kuwonongeka kwa zigawo zamkati.
• Kuyika pansi: Zishango zachitsulo, makamaka zomangira zamkuwa ndi mawaya okhala ndi zida, zimatha kupereka njira zoyambira, kupititsa patsogolo chitetezo popewa kuwopsa kwamagetsi.
• Kukaniza kwa Corrosion: Zitsulo zina, monga aluminiyamu ndi malata, zimateteza chitetezo ku dzimbiri, kuzipangitsa kukhala zoyenera panja, pansi pa madzi, kapena m'malo owopsa amankhwala.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zingwe Zachitsulo Zotetezedwa:

• Matelefoni: Kwa zingwe za coaxial ndi zingwe zotumizira deta, kuonetsetsa kuti siginecha yapamwamba kwambiri komanso kukana kusokonezedwa.
• Industrial Control Systems: Kwa zingwe zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakina olemera ndi machitidwe owongolera, pomwe chitetezo chamakina ndi magetsi chimafunikira.
• Kuyika Panja ndi Pansi Pansi: Kwa zingwe zamagetsi kapena zingwe zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo omwe ali pachiwopsezo cha kuwonongeka kwakuthupi kapena kukhudzana ndi zovuta.
• Zida Zachipatala: Pazingwe zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazida zamankhwala, pomwe kukhulupirika ndi chitetezo ndizofunikira.
• Kugawa Magetsi ndi Mphamvu: Kwa zingwe zapakati komanso zamphamvu kwambiri, makamaka m'malo omwe amatha kusokoneza kunja kapena kuwonongeka kwamakina.

Posankha mtundu woyenera wazitsulo zotchinga, mutha kuonetsetsa kuti zingwe zanu zikukwaniritsa zofunikira kuti zigwire ntchito, kulimba, komanso chitetezo pamapulogalamu apadera.

Misonkhano Yakutchula Ma Cable

1. Mitundu ya Insulation

2. Mitundu Yoteteza

3. Liner Wamkati

4. Mitundu ya Zida Zankhondo

5. Mchira Wakunja

6. Mitundu ya Conductor

7. Mtengo wa Voltage

8. Zingwe Zowongolera

9. Chitsanzo Kuwonongeka kwa Dzina la Chingwe

Malamulo Opangira Chingwe ndi Dera

Zofunikira Zopangira Magawo ndi Dera

Mfundo Zowonjezera pa Miyezo:

• Miyezo yaku China ya GBzimayang'ana kwambiri pachitetezo chambiri komanso kuwongolera bwino, komanso kumaphatikizanso malamulo apadera okhudzana ndi zosowa zapakhomo zaku China, monga kuteteza chilengedwe.

• UL miyezo ku USamadziwika kwambiri poyesa moto ndi chitetezo. Nthawi zambiri amangoyang'ana zoopsa zamagetsi monga kutentha kwambiri komanso kukana moto, zofunika kuziyika m'nyumba zogona komanso mafakitale.

• Miyezo ya IECzimadziwika padziko lonse lapansi ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito ku Europe ndi madera ena ambiri padziko lapansi. Amafuna kugwirizanitsa njira zotetezera ndi khalidwe, kupanga zingwe kukhala zotetezeka kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito m'madera osiyanasiyana, kuyambira kunyumba kupita ku mafakitale.

• Miyezo ya JISku Japan amayang'ana kwambiri chitetezo chazinthu komanso kusinthasintha. Malamulo awo amaonetsetsa kuti zingwe zimagwira ntchito modalirika m'mafakitale ndikukwaniritsa miyezo yotetezeka.

Thekukula muyezo kwa kondakitalaimatanthauzidwa ndi miyezo ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana apadziko lonse lapansi kuti zitsimikizire miyeso yolondola ndi mawonekedwe a ma conductor kuti apereke magetsi otetezeka komanso ogwira mtima. Pansipa pali zazikulumiyezo ya kukula kwa conductor:

1. Miyezo ya Kukula kwa Conductor ndi Zinthu

Kukula kwa ma conductor amagetsi nthawi zambiri kumatanthauzidwa molingana ndichigawo chapakati(mm²) kapenagauge(AWG kapena kcmil), kutengera dera ndi mtundu wa zinthu kondakitala (mkuwa, zotayidwa, etc.).

a. Copper Conductor:

• Malo odutsa(mm²): Makondakitala ambiri amkuwa amakulitsidwa ndi malo awo ozungulira, nthawi zambiri kuyambira0.5 mm² to 400 mm²kapena zambiri za zingwe zamagetsi.
• AWG (American Wire Gauge): Kwa owongolera ang'onoang'ono, makulidwe amayimiridwa mu AWG (American Wire Gauge), kuyambira24 AWG(waya woonda kwambiri) mpaka4/0 AWG(waya wamkulu kwambiri).

b. Aluminium Conductors:

• Malo odutsa(mm²): Ma kondakitala a aluminiyamu amayezedwanso ndi malo ozungulira, ndi makulidwe ofanana kuyambira1.5 mm² to 500 mm²kapena zambiri.
• AWG: Kukula kwa waya wa aluminiyumu nthawi zambiri kumayambira10 AWG to 500 kcmil.

c. Makondakitala Ena:

• Zamkuwa wamkaka or aluminiyamumawaya ogwiritsidwa ntchito mwapadera (mwachitsanzo, zam'madzi, zamakampani, ndi zina), kukula kwa kondakitala kumawonetsedwanso mumm² or AWG.

2. Miyezo Yapadziko Lonse ya Kukula kwa Conductor

a. Miyezo ya IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission):

• IEC 60228: Muyezo uwu umatchulanso gulu la ma conductor amkuwa ndi aluminiyamu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zingwe zotsekera. Imatanthawuza makulidwe a conductor mumm².
• IEC 60287: Imaphimba mawerengedwe a zingwe zamakono, poganizira kukula kwa kondakitala ndi mtundu wa kutchinjiriza.

b. Miyezo ya NEC (National Electrical Code) (US):

• Ku US, aNECimatchula makulidwe a kondakitala, ndi makulidwe ofanana kuyambira14 AWG to 1000 kcmil, kutengera ntchito (mwachitsanzo, nyumba, malonda, kapena mafakitale).

c. JIS (Miyezo Yamafakitale yaku Japan):

• Chithunzi cha JIS 3602: Muyezo uwu umatanthawuza kukula kwa kondakitala wa zingwe zosiyanasiyana ndi mitundu yawo yofananira. Ma sizes nthawi zambiri amaperekedwamm²kwa ma conductors amkuwa ndi aluminiyamu.

3. Kukula kwa Kondakitala Kutengera Mawerengedwe Apano

• Themphamvu yonyamula panoya kondakita zimatengera zakuthupi, mtundu wa insulation, ndi kukula.
• Zaokonda zamkuwa, kukula kwake kumayambira0.5 mm²(kwa ntchito zochepa zamakono monga mawaya a signal) kuti1000 mm²(za zingwe zotumizira mphamvu zambiri).
• Zazitsulo za aluminiyamu, makulidwe ambiri amasiyana1.5 mm² to 1000 mm²kapena apamwamba kwa ntchito zolemetsa.

4. Miyezo Yogwiritsira Ntchito Chingwe Chapadera

• Ma conductor osinthika(zogwiritsidwa ntchito mu zingwe zosunthira mbali, maloboti a mafakitale, ndi zina) zitha kukhala nazomagawo ang'onoang'onokoma amapangidwa kuti athe kupirira kusinthasintha mobwerezabwereza.
• Zingwe zosagwira moto komanso utsi wochepanthawi zambiri amatsatira miyezo yapadera ya kukula kwa kondakitala kuti awonetsetse kuti akugwira ntchito movutikira, mongaIEC 60332.

5. Kuwerengera Kukula kwa Kondakitala (Fomula Yoyambira)

Thekondakitala kukulazitha kuganiziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito fomula ya gawo la magawo osiyanasiyana:

Chigawo (mm²) = 4π×d2

Kumene:

• $dd$

  d = awiri a conductor (mu mm)

• Malo= gawo lagawo la kondakitala

Chidule cha Makulidwe Odziwika a Kondakitala:

Cable Cross-Section Area vs. Gauge, Current Rating, and Kagwiritsidwe

Kufotokozera Mizati:

1. Malo Odutsana (mm²): Dera la gawo la kondakitala, lomwe ndilofunika kudziwa kuti waya amatha kunyamula zamakono.
2. Mtengo wa AWG: Muyezo wa American Wire Gauge (AWG) womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa zingwe, zokhala ndi manambala okulirapo owonetsa mawaya ocheperako.
3. Mavoti Apano (A): Pazipita panopa chingwe akhoza bwinobwino kunyamula popanda kutenthedwa, kutengera zinthu zake ndi kutchinjiriza.
4. Kugwiritsa ntchito: Ntchito zofananira pa kukula kwa chingwe chilichonse, zomwe zikuwonetsa komwe chingwecho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito molingana ndi zofunikira za mphamvu.

Zindikirani:

• Copper Conductornthawi zambiri imakhala ndi mavoti apamwamba kwambiri poyerekeza ndizitsulo za aluminiyamukwa gawo lomwelo lamtanda chifukwa cha madulidwe abwino a mkuwa.
• TheInsulation zakuthupi(mwachitsanzo, PVC, XLPE) ndi zinthu zachilengedwe (mwachitsanzo, kutentha, malo ozungulira) zingakhudze mphamvu yonyamulira chingwe.
• Gome ili ndichosonyezandi milingo ndi mikhalidwe yakumaloko nthawi zonse iyenera kuyang'aniridwa kuti iwoneke bwino.

Kuyambira 2009,Danyang Winpower Wire and Cable Mfg Co., Ltd.wakhala akulima m'munda wa mawaya amagetsi ndi zamagetsi kwa zaka pafupifupi 15, akusonkhanitsa zambiri zamakampani ndi luso lazopangapanga. Timayang'ana kwambiri kubweretsa njira zapamwamba, zozungulira zonse zogwirizanitsa ndi ma waya kumsika, ndipo chinthu chilichonse chatsimikiziridwa mosamalitsa ndi mabungwe ovomerezeka a ku Ulaya ndi ku America, omwe ali oyenera kugwirizana ndi zosowa zosiyanasiyana. Danyang Winpower akufuna kupita limodzi ndi inu, kuti mukhale ndi moyo wabwino pamodzi.