Kufotokozera mwachidule za chitukuko ndi kugwiritsa ntchito makampani osungira mphamvu.
1. Chidziwitso chaukadaulo wosungira mphamvu.
Kusungirako mphamvu ndiko kusunga mphamvu. Amatanthauza matekinoloje omwe amasintha mtundu umodzi wa mphamvu kukhala mawonekedwe okhazikika ndikusunga. Kenako amachimasula m’njira inayake pakafunika kutero. Mfundo zosiyanasiyana zosungira mphamvu zimagawanika kukhala mitundu itatu: makina, maginito, ndi electrochemical. Mtundu uliwonse wosungira mphamvu uli ndi mphamvu zake, mawonekedwe ake, ndi ntchito zake.
| Mtundu wosungira mphamvu | Mphamvu zovoteledwa | Adavotera mphamvu | Makhalidwe | Nthawi zofunsira | |
| Zimango Kusungirako Mphamvu | 抽水 储能 | 100-2,000MW | 4-10h | Kukula kwakukulu, teknoloji yokhwima; kuyankha kwapang'onopang'ono, kumafuna malo | Kuwongolera katundu, kuwongolera pafupipafupi ndi kusungitsa dongosolo, kuwongolera kukhazikika kwa grid. |
| 压缩 空气储能 | IMW-300MW | 1-20h | Ukadaulo waukulu, wokhwima; kuyankha kwapang'onopang'ono, kufunikira kwazinthu zakumalo. | Kumeta kwambiri, kubwezeretsa dongosolo, kuwongolera kukhazikika kwa grid | |
| 飞轮 储能 | kW-30MW | 15s-30 min | Mphamvu zenizeni zenizeni, mtengo wapamwamba, phokoso lapamwamba | Kuwongolera kwakanthawi / kwamphamvu, kuwongolera pafupipafupi, kuwongolera ma voltage, UPS ndi kusungirako mphamvu ya batri. | |
| Mphamvu yamagetsi Kusungirako Mphamvu | 超导 储能 | kW-1 MW | 2s-5 min | Kuyankha mwachangu, mphamvu zenizeni zenizeni; kukwera mtengo, kukonza zovuta | Kuwongolera kwakanthawi / kwamphamvu, kuwongolera pafupipafupi, kuwongolera kwamphamvu kwamphamvu, UPS ndi kusungirako mphamvu ya batri |
| 超级 电容 | kW-1 MW | 1-30s | Kuyankha mwachangu, mphamvu zenizeni zenizeni; mtengo wapamwamba | Kuwongolera khalidwe lamphamvu, UPS ndi kusunga mphamvu ya batri | |
| Electrochemical Kusungirako Mphamvu | 铅酸 电池 | kW-50MW | 1 mphindi-3 h | Ukadaulo wokhwima, mtengo wotsika; moyo wautali, nkhawa zachitetezo cha chilengedwe | Zosunga zobwezeretsera zamagetsi, chiyambi chakuda, UPS, mphamvu zamagetsi |
| 液流 电池 | kW-100MW | 1-20h | Mabatire ambiri amatengera kuyitanitsa mozama komanso kutulutsa. Ndizosavuta kuphatikiza, koma zimakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa | Zimakwirira khalidwe la mphamvu. Komanso chimakwirira zosunga zobwezeretsera mphamvu. Zimakhudzanso kumeta nsonga ndi kudzaza zigwa. Zimakhudzanso kasamalidwe ka mphamvu ndi kusungirako mphamvu zowonjezereka. | |
| 钠硫 电池 | 1kW-100MW | Maola | Mphamvu zenizeni zenizeni, zotsika mtengo, zovuta zachitetezo chantchito zimafunikira kuwongolera. | Ubwino wa mphamvu ndi lingaliro limodzi. Mphamvu yosunga zobwezeretsera ndi ina. Ndiye, pali kumeta nsonga ndi kudzaza zigwa. Kuwongolera mphamvu ndi zina. Pomaliza, pali mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa zosungirako. | |
| 锂离子 电池 | kW-100MW | Maola | Mphamvu zenizeni zenizeni, mtengo umachepa ngati mtengo wa mabatire a lithiamu-ion ukuchepa | Kuwongolera kwakanthawi / kwamphamvu, kuwongolera pafupipafupi, kuwongolera ma voltage, UPS ndi kusungirako mphamvu ya batri. | |
Lili ndi ubwino wake. Izi zikuphatikiza kuchepa kwa geography. Amakhalanso ndi nthawi yochepa yomanga ndi kuchulukitsidwa kwakukulu kwa mphamvu. Zotsatira zake, kusungirako kwamagetsi a electrochemical kungagwiritsidwe ntchito mosavuta. Zimagwira ntchito m'malo ambiri osungira mphamvu. Ndi luso la kusunga mphamvu. Ili ndi mitundu yambiri yogwiritsira ntchito komanso yomwe ingathe kupititsa patsogolo. Zomwe zikuluzikulu ndi mabatire a lithiamu-ion. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito muzochitika kuyambira mphindi mpaka maola.
2. Zochitika zogwiritsira ntchito zosungiramo mphamvu
Kusungirako mphamvu kumakhala ndi zochitika zambiri zogwiritsira ntchito mumagetsi. Kusungirako mphamvu kuli ndi ntchito zazikulu zitatu: kupanga magetsi, gridi, ndi ogwiritsa ntchito. Ali:
Mphamvu zatsopano zopangira mphamvu ndizosiyana ndi mitundu yakale. Zimakhudzidwa ndi zochitika zachilengedwe. Izi zikuphatikizapo kuwala ndi kutentha. Mphamvu yamagetsi imasiyanasiyana malinga ndi nyengo ndi tsiku. Kusintha mphamvu zofuna sikutheka. Ndi gwero lamphamvu losakhazikika. Pamene anaika mphamvu kapena mphamvu kupanga gawo kufika mlingo winawake. Zikhudza kukhazikika kwa gridi yamagetsi. Kuti magetsi azikhala otetezeka komanso osasunthika, mphamvu yatsopano idzagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosungiramo mphamvu. Adzalumikizananso ndi gridi kuti azitha kutulutsa mphamvu. Izi zidzachepetsa mphamvu ya mphamvu zatsopano. Izi zikuphatikizapo photovoltaic ndi mphamvu ya mphepo. Amakhala okhazikika komanso okhazikika. Idzathetsanso mavuto ogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu, monga mphepo ndi kusiya kuwala.
Mapangidwe a gridi ndi zomangamanga zimatsata njira yolemetsa kwambiri. Amachita izi pambali pa gridi. Zili choncho pomanga gridi yatsopano kapena kuwonjezera mphamvu. Zidazo ziyenera kuganizira kuchuluka kwa katundu. Izi zipangitsa kuti pakhale mitengo yokwera komanso yotsika mtengo. Kukwera kwa grid-mbali yosungira mphamvu kumatha kuswa njira yolemetsa yoyambirira. Mukapanga gridi yatsopano kapena kukulitsa yachikale, zitha kuchepetsa kuchulukana kwa gridi. Zimalimbikitsanso kukulitsa ndi kukweza zida. Izi zimapulumutsa ndalama zogulira gridi ndikuwongolera kugwiritsa ntchito katundu. Kusungirako mphamvu kumagwiritsa ntchito zotengera monga chonyamulira chachikulu. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakupanga magetsi ndi mbali za gridi. Ndi makamaka ntchito ndi mphamvu zoposa 30kW. Iwo amafunikira apamwamba mankhwala mphamvu.
Machitidwe atsopano a mphamvu pa mbali yogwiritsira ntchito amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kupanga ndi kusunga mphamvu. Izi zimachepetsa ndalama zamagetsi ndikugwiritsa ntchito kusungirako mphamvu kuti zikhazikike mphamvu. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ogwiritsa ntchito angagwiritsenso ntchito machitidwe osungira mphamvu kuti asunge magetsi pamene mitengo ili yochepa. Izi zimawalola kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi a gridi pamene mitengo ili yokwera. Angathenso kugulitsa magetsi kuchokera kumalo osungiramo ndalama kuti apange ndalama kuchokera kumitengo yapamwamba ndi yachigwa. Kusungirako mphamvu kwa wogwiritsa ntchito kumagwiritsira ntchito makabati monga chonyamulira chachikulu. Zimagwirizana ndi ntchito m'mapaki a mafakitale ndi malonda komanso malo opangira magetsi a photovoltaic. Izi zili mu mphamvu ya 1kW mpaka 10kW. Kuchuluka kwa mankhwala kumakhala kochepa.
3. Dongosolo la "source-grid-load-storage" ndi njira yotalikirapo yosungira mphamvu
Dongosolo la "source-grid-load-storage" ndi njira yogwirira ntchito. Zimaphatikizapo yankho la "gwero lamagetsi, gridi yamagetsi, katundu, ndi kusunga mphamvu". Itha kulimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu moyenera komanso chitetezo cha gridi. Ikhoza kuthetsa mavuto monga kusakhazikika kwa gridi pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zoyera. Mu dongosolo ili, gwero ndi wopereka mphamvu. Kumaphatikizapo mphamvu zongowonjezereka, monga dzuwa, mphepo, ndi mphamvu yamadzi. Zimaphatikizaponso mphamvu zachikale, monga malasha, mafuta, ndi gasi. Gridi ndi network yotumizira mphamvu. Zimaphatikizapo mizere yotumizira ndi zida zamagetsi zamagetsi. Katunduyo ndiye wogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu. Zimaphatikizapo okhalamo, mabizinesi, ndi malo aboma. Kusungirako ndiko teknoloji yosungira mphamvu. Zimaphatikizapo zipangizo zosungiramo zinthu komanso zamakono.
Mu dongosolo lachikale la mphamvu, zomera zamphamvu zotentha ndizo gwero la mphamvu. Nyumba ndi mafakitale ndi katundu. Awiriwo ndi otalikirana. Gulu lamagetsi limawalumikiza. Imagwiritsa ntchito njira yayikulu yolumikizira. Ndi nthawi yeniyeni yofananira momwe gwero lamagetsi limatsata katundu.
Pansi pa "neue Leistungssystem", dongosololi linawonjezera kufunikira kwa magalimoto atsopano amphamvu monga "katundu" kwa ogwiritsa ntchito. Izi zawonjezera kwambiri kukakamiza pa gridi yamagetsi. Njira zatsopano zamagetsi, monga ma photovoltais, zalola ogwiritsa ntchito kukhala "gwero lamphamvu." Komanso, magalimoto amagetsi atsopano amafunika kulipiritsa mwachangu. Ndipo, kupanga magetsi atsopano sikukhazikika. Chifukwa chake, ogwiritsa ntchito amafunikira "kusungirako mphamvu" kuti athe kuwongolera mphamvu yamagetsi awo ndikugwiritsa ntchito pa gridi. Izi zidzalola kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwambiri komanso kusunga mphamvu.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwatsopano ndikusiyana. Ogwiritsa ntchito tsopano akufuna kupanga ma microgrid akomweko. Izi zimagwirizanitsa "magwero a mphamvu" (kuwala), "kusungirako mphamvu" (kusungirako), ndi "katundu" (kuchangitsa). Amagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wowongolera ndi kulumikizana kuti azitha kuyendetsa magwero ambiri amagetsi. Amalola ogwiritsa ntchito kupanga ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zatsopano kwanuko. Amalumikizananso ndi gridi yayikulu yamagetsi m'njira ziwiri. Izi zimachepetsa mphamvu zawo pa gridi ndikuthandizira kulinganiza. Microgrid yaying'ono ndi kusungirako mphamvu ndi "photovoltaic storage ndi charger system". Zimaphatikizidwa. Ichi ndi ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya "source grid load storage".
二. Chiyembekezo chogwiritsa ntchito komanso kuchuluka kwa msika wamakampani osungira mphamvu
Lipoti la CNESA likuti pofika kumapeto kwa 2023, mphamvu zonse zogwirira ntchito zosungira mphamvu zinali 289.20GW. Izi zakwera 21.92% kuchokera ku 237.20GW kumapeto kwa 2022. Mphamvu zonse zomwe zimayikidwa zosungirako mphamvu zatsopano zafika ku 91.33GW. Uku ndikuwonjezeka kwa 99.62% poyerekeza ndi chaka chatha.
Pofika kumapeto kwa 2023, mphamvu zonse zosungira mphamvu ku China zidafika 86.50GW. Zinali 44.65% kuchokera ku 59.80GW kumapeto kwa 2022. Tsopano akupanga 29.91% ya mphamvu zapadziko lonse, mpaka 4.70% kuyambira kumapeto kwa 2022. Pakati pawo, kusungirako kupopera kumakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri. Izi ndi 59.40%. Kukula kwa msika kumabwera makamaka chifukwa chosungira mphamvu zatsopano. Izi zikuphatikizapo mabatire a lithiamu-ion, mabatire a lead-acid, ndi mpweya woponderezedwa. Ali ndi mphamvu zonse za 34.51GW. Uku ndikuwonjezeka kwa 163.93% kuchokera chaka chatha. Mu 2023, ku China kusungirako mphamvu zatsopano kudzawonjezeka ndi 21.44GW, kuwonjezeka kwa chaka ndi 191.77%. Kusungirako mphamvu kwatsopano kumaphatikizapo mabatire a lithiamu-ion ndi mpweya woponderezedwa. Onsewa ali ndi ma projekiti mazana ambiri olumikizidwa ndi grid, megawatt-level.
Tikayang'ana pakukonzekera ndi kumanga ntchito zatsopano zosungira mphamvu, malo osungiramo magetsi atsopano ku China akhala aakulu. Mu 2022, pali ntchito 1,799. Amakonzedwa, akumangidwa, kapena akugwira ntchito. Ali ndi mphamvu zokwanira pafupifupi 104.50GW. Zambiri mwazinthu zatsopano zosungira mphamvu zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zazing'ono komanso zapakati. Mulingo wawo ndi wochepera 10MW. Amapanga pafupifupi 61.98% ya onse. Mapulojekiti osungira mphamvu pokonzekera ndi omwe akumangidwa amakhala aakulu kwambiri. Ndi 10MW ndi kupitilira apo. Amapanga 75.73% ya chiwerengero chonse. Ntchito zopitilira 402 100-megawatts zikugwira ntchito. Iwo ali ndi maziko ndi zikhalidwe kusunga mphamvu kwa gululi mphamvu.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jul-22-2024